mory andEmotion in real Life: PTSD

PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
What is PTSD?
Post Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an emotional illness that is classified as an anxiety disorder and usually develops as a result of a terribly frightening, life-threatening, or otherwise highly unsafe experience. PTSD sufferers re-experience the traumatic event or events in some way, tend to avoid places, people, or other things that remind them of the event (avoidance), and sensitive to normal life experiences (hyperarousal).
Another part of the PTSD can be a C-PTSD ( complex post traumatic disorder) resulting from prolonged exposure to a traumatic event or series afterward.Usually PTSD occurs within more than one-third of youths who are exposed to community violence (for example, a shooting, stabbing, or other assault).

What are the symptoms?
There are physical consequences of being traumatized. For example, research shows that people who have been exposed to an extreme stressor sometimes have a smaller hippocampus. Also, whether or not a traumatized person goes on to develop PTSD, they seem to be at risk for higher use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana.

What causes PTSD?
Any trauma may cause PTSD. Such events often include either experiencing or witnessing a severe accident or physical injury, receiving a life-threatening medical diagnosis, being the victim of kidnapping or torture, exposure to war combat or to a natural disaster, exposure to other disaster (for example, plane crash) or terrorist attack, being the victim of rape, mugging, robbery, or assault, enduring physical, sexual, emotional, or other forms of abuse, as well as involvement in civil conflict.

Briefly explain how memory and emotion relate to PTSD. 

Memory and Emotion are related to PTSD in a way of simple meanings. For example, the people who watched the World Trade Center fall down remember the day of falling down, and those memories are kept in their memories. Through this they react their emotions from the long term memory that had been inserted in their brain hippocampus. From this they have fear subscribed in their memories. 

Emotion and Memory = Flashbulb Memory?

Emotion & Memory

Nader's Story
“It was like walking upstream in a river of sorrow,” he says.
Nader has vivid and emotional memories of the September 11, 2001, attacks and their aftermath. But as an expert on memory, and, in particular, on the malleability of memory, he knows better than to fully trust his recollections.
Most people have so-called flashbulb memories of where they were and what they were doing when something momentous happened. But as clear and detailed as these memories feel, psychologists find they are surprisingly inaccurate.
Nader, now a neuroscientist at McGill University in Montreal, says his memory of the World Trade Center attack has played a few tricks on him. He recalled seeing television footage on September 11 of the first plane hitting the north tower of the World Trade Center. But he was surprised to learn that such footage aired for the first time the following day. Apparently he wasn’t alone: a 2003 study of 569 college students found that 73 percent shared this misperception. His ideas are unconventional within neuroscience, and they have caused researchers to reconsider some of their most basic assumptions about how memory works. In short, Nader believes that the very act of remembering can change our memories. Memories surrounding a major event like September 11 might be especially susceptible, he says, because we tend to replay them over and over in our minds and in conversation with others—with each repetition having the potential to alter them.

BULK & KULIK Study

Aims: To Investigate whether dramatic, or personally significant events can cause "flashbulb" memories

Procedure: Using a retrospective questionnaire assessed the memories of 80 US Ps for the circumstances in which they learned of public events.

Findings: Flash bulb Memory is more likely for unexpected and personally relevant shocking events

Conclusion: Dramatic events can cause a physiological imprinting of a memory of the event

Weakness 1: Data collected through questionnaires, so it is impossible to verify the accuracy of memories reported.

Weakness 2: It could be that dramatic events are rehearsed more than usual, making memories more durable, rather than any "imprinting" process causing FMs

Seneca and Lazarus- and explanation of Emotion

An Explanation of Emotion 
The Philosophy of Seneca 

Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher. The philosophy of Seneca is refreshingly simple, sensible and virtuous - an obvious contrast to most modern abstract philosophy. 

So how can we correct the current confusion and absurdity of our 'enlightened' post modern philosophy? To understand the truth about Reality by describing the One Thing that exists, Space, and its Properties as a Wave Medium, Marcus Aurelius wrote;

All things are woven together and the common bond is sacred, and scarcely one thing is foreign to another, for they have been arranged together in their places and together make the same ordered Universe. For there is one Universe out of all, one God through all, one substance and one law, one common Reason of all intelligent creatures and one Truth. Frequently consider the connection of all things in the universe.
We should not say ‘I am an Athenian’ or ‘I am a Roman’ but ‘I am a citizen of the Universe. (Marcus Aurelius, Meditations)

Lazarus Theory 

On the other hand the Lazarus Theory states that it builds on the Schacter-Singer theory, taking it to another level. It proposes that when an event occurs, a cognitive appraisal is made (either consciously or subconsciously), and based on the result of that appraisal, an emotion and physiological response follow.

So what does Seneca's theory and Lazarus theory have in common it has both the obvious controls, it gets what the procedure needs, and states the appraisals. I personally don't think they have a conflict between each other, but it just that it both has it 's own theories of knowledge about their philosophy. In my opinion I think that we should just live with how we feel about the emotions and situations. 

Sights and Sound of Emotion Trigger Big Brain Responses

Sights And Sounds Of Emotion Trigger Big Brain Responses

A brain that responds to both facial and vocal expressions of emotion. The researchers of the New York University used the MagnetoEncephaloGraphic scanner in order to response in a region of the brain known as the posterior superior temporal sulcus. The researchers found out that this part of the brain responds so strongly to a face plus a voice that it clearly has a 'multimodel' rather than an exclusively visual function. The researchers also thought that the study would help in th study of autism and other neuro-developmental disorders which exhibit face perception deficits. From this experiment we could figure out that Sights and Sounds of Emotion effect the facial expressions in one's face. 

The reason I chose this article is because I totally agree with the part that Sounds and Sights will affect the emotion of one's situations. For example, if a person hears foot steps behind during night while going back home the person would be covered in fear and probably appear in one's facial expressions. This example is also called as the James-Lange Theory which is the arousal and the emotions come in order. Also for sights when one watches a comic movie they would laugh and show these emotions in their facial expressions. The gender differences may appear from the James-Lange Theory and it could be different based on the deifferent sex one consists in. Also for the cultures.